Srinagar, July 29: A landmark scientific study has mapped the reproductive cycle of the critically endangered Kashmir red deer, or Hangul (Cervus hanglu), for the first time, offering important insights into the conservation of one of Jammu and Kashmir’s most iconic wildlife species.The research indicates that human disturbance during key breeding and birthing months could affect the recovery of the Hangul population, which currently stands at around 400 animals.Scientists from the Laboratory for the Conservation of Endangered Species (LaCONES), Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB), Hyderabad, conducted the research in collaboration with the Wildlife Trust of India. The findings provide a scientific framework for protecting Hangul during the most sensitive stages of its reproductive cycle.Published in Scientific Reports, the study focused on the only viable wild Hangul population in Dachigam National Park. Researchers analysed 1,172 fresh faecal samples collected over a year, using non-invasive hormone monitoring to understand breeding patterns and physiological stress.October to April Crucial for HangulThe study found that male Hangul have a largely synchronised rutting season between October and December, while females show a more extended mating pattern.Pregnancy levels peak between January and March, followed by the main birthing season in April. Researchers observed increased physiological stress among females during this period.Scientists have therefore identified these months as critical conservation windows, recommending that human activity in Hangul habitats be kept to a minimum during mating, pregnancy and birthing periods.The researchers said the findings establish the reproductive seasons of Hangul and could serve as an important baseline for conservation breeding programmes and future wildlife management.Stress Spike During Livestock MovementResearchers also detected elevated stress hormones among male and female Hangul during the breeding season. Another significant rise was recorded in May, coinciding with the seasonal movement of migratory livestock herders, sheep, goats and guard dogs into upper Dachigam.Although the study says further research is necessary to establish a direct link, scientists believe the timing indicates that livestock movement and associated human activity may be adding pressure on Hangul habitats.Previous research has also suggested that Hangul increasingly move towards lower elevations during summer to avoid disturbance, highlighting how human activity may be influencing their traditional habitat use.Spring Births Linked to Food AvailabilityThe study found that the Hangul reproductive cycle differs from red deer populations in northern Europe and Arctic regions. As mixed feeders, Hangul have access to food over a longer period, allowing females to maintain a relatively extended breeding season.However, births remain concentrated in spring, helping ensure that newborn fawns arrive when vegetation and nutrition are more readily available.Satellite-based vegetation data showed that food availability peaks between May and June, coinciding with the period when newborn Hangul fawns have high nutritional requirements.Researchers warned that climate change, changing vegetation patterns and increasing human interference could disrupt this reproductive timing and potentially affect breeding success in the future.Scientists Recommend Restrictions in DachigamThe findings could have significant implications for Hangul conservation in Jammu and Kashmir. Researchers have recommended limiting tourism, livestock grazing, infrastructure work and other disturbances in Dachigam National Park during critical breeding and birthing periods.They have also called for expanded camera-trap monitoring, improved habitat connectivity between isolated Hangul populations and stronger captive breeding initiatives based on the newly established reproductive calendar.Once estimated to number between 3,000 and 5,000 across Kashmir, the Hangul population has declined sharply over the past century due to habitat fragmentation, grazing pressure, poaching and human disturbance.Today, Dachigam National Park remains the stronghold of the species, while small and isolated groups are reported from Wangat-Naranag, Overa-Aru, Tral and Lolab landscapes.Researchers say the hormone data generated by the study provides a valuable scientific foundation for future Hangul breeding programmes, habitat management and long-term conservation strategies, particularly as climate change continues to affect Himalayan ecosystems.The findings underline that protecting the Hangul during its mating, pregnancy and birthing seasons could be as important as restoring its habitat. Reducing disturbance during these critical months may therefore play a key role in securing the future of Kashmir’s endangered Hangul.
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